Front-mid V8 for latest Ferrari

Ferrari is a sportscar maker, and that does not mean four-door cars, emphasized its President, Luca di Montezemolo, at the Paris Motor Show unveiling of the new folding hardtop (two-door) California. His words sounded almost like an admonishment for the likes of Lamborghini, Porsche, and Aston Martin, companies that make no secret of their enthusiasm for the potential of four-door models. “We will never do a four-door,” stressed di Montezemolo. And Ferrari will not be doing any more manual gearbox cars after the California either. The California comes with a seven-speed dual-clutch system or a six-speed manual; di Montezemolo’s preference is clear. Any Ferrari is inevitably a transport of technology, and the California is no exception, with a new direct-injection V8 engine, a new suspension system, carbon ceramic brakes as standard, and a further evolution of F1-Trac traction control, plus the aluminum retractable hardtop that puts the California in the coupe-cabriolet category. But as with every Ferrari, it’s the engine that is the star. It is the first V8 to be front mid-mounted in a road-going production Ferrari. An all-aluminum 4.3-L, its use of direct fuel injection marks a first application of the technology for Ferrari, and variable valve timing for intake and exhaust help it meet Euro V and LEV2 requirements. CO2 emissions are 306 g/km, and fuel consumption 13.1 L/100 km—both ECE combined figures. Power output of the 90ยบ V8 is 338 kW (453 hp) at 7750 rpm, and maximum torque is 485 N·m (358 lb·ft) at 5000 rpm, aided by a 12.2:1 compression ratio. Performance figures include a 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) time of 3.9 s and a 310-km/h (193-mph) top speed. Ferrari emphasized its focus on achieving the requisite aural signature, particularly in the cabin with the roof raised or lowered. Shell, a long-time technical partner of Ferrari (it started with Enzo Ferrari in the 1930s and powered the first Ferrari out of the factory gates at Maranello in 1947), was involved for two years in the development of the direct-fuel-injection system for the California. As the first Ferrari to feature such a system, the California is a major step toward the future for the manufacturer, which has pledged to improve fuel efficiency by 2012. Shell provided technical expertise, fuel mapping information for use in computer modeling, and the supply of V-Power fuel and Helix Ultra oil. The California’s engine drives through either a six-speed manual or a new rearmounted, seven-speed, dual-clutch gearbox offering automatic and manual paddle control. The paddles are fixed in position and do not rotate with the steering wheel. The engine front/gearbox rear configuration makes for a front:rear weight bias of 47:53. Aluminum is the chosen material for chassis and body shell. Both extrusions and shell casts are used. Torsional and flexional rigidity are described by Ferrari as being “better than average” for a Spider body design. Curb mass is 1735 kg (3825 lb). The car is 4563 mm (179.6 in) long, 1902 mm (74.9 in) wide, and 1308 mm (51.5 in) high—on a wheelbase of 2670 mm (105.1 in). Suspension systems include double wishbones at the front, and there is a new multilink system at the rear. A magnetorheological suspension damping control system called SCM is optional. The California also gets Ferrari’s established GT Manettino, with steeringwheel-mounted control to integrate gearbox, stability, and traction control systems (CST and F1-Trac), with Comfort, Sport, and CST-Off settings, the last turning off all electronic chassis support systems except ABS. F1-Trac’s capabilities include The Ferrari California’s V8 engine produces 338 kW (453 hp) and 485 N·m (358 lb·ft). providing maximum grip on corner exit. According to Ferrari, F1-Trac offers a 20% improvement in acceleration coming out of corners with respect to a traditional traction and control system. Brembo carbon-ceramic brakes measure 390 x 34 mm (15.4 x 1.33 in) front and 360 x 32 mm (14.2 x 1.26) rear. Tires are 245/40ZR19 front, 285/40ZR19 rear. A tire pressure and temperature monitoring system is fitted. With its racing expertise, Ferrari has massive aerodynamic engineering capability to achieve the required Cd (0.32 with roof raised) and downforce. The company claims a desire to achieve “perfect balance” between vertical load and drag, influencing the shape of the rear diffuser and the spoiler integrated into the front bumper. Drag is some 10% less than that of other Ferrari models. To help keep the center of gravity as low as possible, the folding hardtop uses aluminum panels and has a cast-aluminum weight-bearing structure. Cycle time for opening or closing is 14 s. Trunk capacity is 340 L (12.0 ft³) with the roof up and 240 L (8.5 ft³) with it retracted. Fuel tank capacity is 78 L (20.6 gal). Safety systems include popup rollover bars behind the backrests of the rear seats that deploy in 190 ms if needed. Airbags include door-mounted systems, and adaptive headlights are optional. The car comes as either a two-seater or a 2+2, with the rear bench having seating for one or two passengers and a folddown capability. With the pursuit of weight savings a Ferrari constant, magnesium framed front seats are fitted. Analog and digital instruments are fitted, with the round analog rev counter dominant and a secondary multidisplay screen. Although the California is set to become a sales success, di Montezemolo said at Paris that the company would keep production below 7000 next year. As for new developments, he did not rule out turbocharging and said Ferrari was exploring a spread of technologies that might be used in future road cars, including energy recuperation technology depending on results from F1 development. “We are always looking to see how we can transfer our technology from racing to road cars—as we have in the last 10 years,” he said. 
Stuart Birch 
aei-online.org

how easy air filter maintenance

Like humans, the engine innards must be always healthy and clean. That's why the air filter is so important. When air quality filter device to the fuel does not function properly, the incoming air with the fuel into the engine room is sometimes mixed with dust and disrupt the performance of the machine. The simplest result in the engine 'coughed'.
For that, we should always be careful in selecting an air filter on the market. Indeed, maintenance is relatively easy, just remove the filter from the nest, then spray compressor. Only, if not treated properly, may not be very long lived.


Various brands of air filter is very abundant in the market today. Of which are made of cardboard and become standard parts of the vehicle. Listening to various types of air filters on the market, surely take care of different ways. Because of this, look trick to keep the filter clean and well maintained.
To filter made of cardboard, at best, only the remaining life of about 2500 km to 5000 km. The rest, should be replaced immediately. Because of the weakness of this filter, at a certain lifetime, the surface of the cardboard into 'hairy'. If this is allowed, soft flakes mixed with the dust that can come into the 'kitchen spur' aka the combustion chamber. The side-effect, the cylinder surface will be scratched.
Caring for cardboard filters, relatively easy. Lift the filter from the nest, then clean with an air compressor. If necessary, tap on the edge of the filter using a screwdriver handle to fall off all the dirt.


Unlike the filters are made of sponge. Generally able to hold up to 15,000 miles or one year life. As light as this one, take care of him too easily. Dip a sponge filter into the water, then wash using detergent. Once completely clean, dry with aerated or dried in the sun but do not let the sun hit it directly. After drying, the filter ready to be installed again.
To filter made from cotton fibers, a different story. This one, rada treatment is expensive, due to be cleaned using a special liquid. For K & N for example, there is a solution of cleaning itself. Cleaning which consists of a special soap and oil is, its use is rather special.
Once the filter is removed from his home, then the air filter devices diketok until all the dust and dirt falling all. However, when the 'knock' the air filter, try using a soft ground, such as tires for example.
The next stage is to flush the filter with running water and then sprayed with a special liquid soap. After settling for approximately 5 minutes, the filter is then flushed again with water. The process is repeated until the remaining washing water looks clearer.
Before the process of basting with oil is done, the filter must be dried. There are two recommended ways, ie, the first with a hair dryer or a compressor, but with the wind pressure as low as possible. End of the treatment process air filter covered with a special basting oil. (MBL / bun)
-translate fr. KapanLagi.com -

Windshield Wipers

BEHAVIOR
They wipe back and forth to swish the rain and snow off a viewing
quadrant so you can see the road ahead. Their melodic “wipe wipe
wipe” can lull you to sleep.




HABITAT
Wipers rest (park) at the base of the windshield, like a faithful dog resting at your feet.

HOW IT WORKS
Wipers are powered by an electric motor that turns a worm gear. A worm gear is a spiral of a raised edge wrapped around a metal cylinder, much like a metal screw. Worm gears are fundamentally different from other gears in several ways. They can radically increase the turning power, or torque, which is useful in applications such as windshield wipers where torque is need to push the long wiper across the windshield. 
Also, worm gears can change the direction of rotation. In the windshield wiper the worm gear changes the direction of the motor shaft’s rotation 90 degrees. The worm gear drives a second gear which is connected
to a cam or crank. The cam or crank converts the rotary motion of the motor into the back-and-forth motion of the wipers. Hand-operated rubber wipers were introduced in 1917 by the company that later became Trico, which is today the largest maker of windshield wipers. After World War I, the company introduced wipers powered not by electric motors, but by the vacuum pressure created in the intake manifold of the engine. This arrangement meant that the speed of the wipers was tied directly to the speed of the engine.
Electric motor wipers were introduced in 1926. Wipers for rear windows were added in 1959. Intermittent wipers were invented by engineer Robert Kearns (later sparking a series of lengthy patent infringement suits) and were introduced in 1969 on Ford’s model Mercury.

INTERESTING FACTS
Windshield wipers were invented before windshields were common in cars. In their early years, cars were a fair weather mode of transportation and had no use for wipers. Mary Anderson invented a simple wiper
for streetcar windows in 1903. Anderson lived most of her life in Birmingham, Alabama. But on a trip to New York she noticed how hard it was for a trolley driver to see through the windshield during a rainstorm, and this experience prompted her to invent the wiper. Wipers for headlights were added by Saab in 1970. Now rain-sensing wipers have appeared on luxury cars.




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  • All rights reserved
    Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated
    814 North Franklin Street
    Chicago, Illinois 60610
    ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5
    Printed in the United States of America
    5 4 3 2 1
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
    Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–
    A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.
    p. cm.
    Includes index.
    ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5
    1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.
    TL146.5.S63 2008
    629.2—dc22
    2008046620


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  • Windshield

    BEHAVIOR
    Windshields block debris and water from the interior of the car while
    allowing the visibility needed for safe driving.
    HABITAT
    Windshields occupy the space between roof and hood on the front of
    the car and between the roof and trunk along the rear.
    HOW IT WORKS
    Windshields are a sandwich of polyvinyl butyrate (PVB) between two layers of glass. The PVB holds the two layers of glass together without distorting or limiting the optical qualities. This laminate makes the windshield almost shatterproof, so if it’s damaged it won’t launch shards of glass into people. The windshield is glued into the window frame. On motorcycles, the windshield is often made of acrylic plastic instead of glass.
    Windshield glass transmits nearly all visible light and most infrared light while reflecting most ultraviolet light. Thus, you can see out (and in, unless the windows are tinted) and the car heats up when left in the sun. However, you won’t get a sunburn (which is caused by ultraviolet rays) from sunlight passing through the windshield.
    INTERESTING FACTS
    In the United States about 13 million windshields are replaced each year.


    All rights reserved
    Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated
    814 North Franklin Street
    Chicago, Illinois 60610
    ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5
    Printed in the United States of America
    5 4 3 2 1
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
    Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–
    A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.
    p. cm.
    Includes index.
    ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5
    1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.
    TL146.5.S63 2008
    629.2—dc22
    2008046620