how easy air filter maintenance

Like humans, the engine innards must be always healthy and clean. That's why the air filter is so important. When air quality filter device to the fuel does not function properly, the incoming air with the fuel into the engine room is sometimes mixed with dust and disrupt the performance of the machine. The simplest result in the engine 'coughed'.

For that, we should always be careful in selecting an air filter on the market. Indeed, maintenance is relatively easy, just remove the filter from the nest, then spray compressor. Only, if not treated properly, may not be very long lived.

Various brands of air filter is very abundant in the market today. Of which are made of cardboard and become standard parts of the vehicle. Listening to various types of air filters on the market, surely take care of different ways. Because of this, look trick to keep the filter clean and well maintained.

To filter made of cardboard, at best, only the remaining life of about 2500 km to 5000 km. The rest, should be replaced immediately. Because of the weakness of this filter, at a certain lifetime, the surface of the cardboard into 'hairy'. If this is allowed, soft flakes mixed with the dust that can come into the 'kitchen spur' aka the combustion chamber. The side-effect, the cylinder surface will be scratched.

Caring for cardboard filters, relatively easy. Lift the filter from the nest, then clean with an air compressor. If necessary, tap on the edge of the filter using a screwdriver handle to fall off all the dirt.

Unlike the filters are made of sponge. Generally able to hold up to 15,000 miles or one year life. As light as this one, take care of him too easily. Dip a sponge filter into the water, then wash using detergent. Once completely clean, dry with aerated or dried in the sun but do not let the sun hit it directly. After drying, the filter ready to be installed again.

To filter made from cotton fibers, a different story. This one, rada treatment is expensive, due to be cleaned using a special liquid. For K & N for example, there is a solution of cleaning itself. Cleaning which consists of a special soap and oil is, its use is rather special.

Once the filter is removed from his home, then the air filter devices diketok until all the dust and dirt falling all. However, when the 'knock' the air filter, try using a soft ground, such as tires for example.

The next stage is to flush the filter with running water and then sprayed with a special liquid soap. After settling for approximately 5 minutes, the filter is then flushed again with water. The process is repeated until the remaining washing water looks clearer.

Before the process of basting with oil is done, the filter must be dried. There are two recommended ways, ie, the first with a hair dryer or a compressor, but with the wind pressure as low as possible. End of the treatment process air filter covered with a special basting oil. (MBL / bun)

-translate fr. KapanLagi.com -

Windshield Wipers

BEHAVIOR

They wipe back and forth to swish the rain and snow off a viewing

quadrant so you can see the road ahead. Their melodic “wipe wipe

wipe” can lull you to sleep.

HABITAT

Wipers rest (park) at the base of the windshield, like a faithful dog resting at your feet.

HOW IT WORKS

Wipers are powered by an electric motor that turns a worm gear. A worm gear is a spiral of a raised edge wrapped around a metal cylinder, much like a metal screw. Worm gears are fundamentally different from other gears in several ways. They can radically increase the turning power, or torque, which is useful in applications such as windshield wipers where torque is need to push the long wiper across the windshield. 

Also, worm gears can change the direction of rotation. In the windshield wiper the worm gear changes the direction of the motor shaft’s rotation 90 degrees. The worm gear drives a second gear which is connected

to a cam or crank. The cam or crank converts the rotary motion of the motor into the back-and-forth motion of the wipers. Hand-operated rubber wipers were introduced in 1917 by the company that later became Trico, which is today the largest maker of windshield wipers. After World War I, the company introduced wipers powered not by electric motors, but by the vacuum pressure created in the intake manifold of the engine. This arrangement meant that the speed of the wipers was tied directly to the speed of the engine.

Electric motor wipers were introduced in 1926. Wipers for rear windows were added in 1959. Intermittent wipers were invented by engineer Robert Kearns (later sparking a series of lengthy patent infringement suits) and were introduced in 1969 on Ford’s model Mercury.

INTERESTING FACTS

Windshield wipers were invented before windshields were common in cars. In their early years, cars were a fair weather mode of transportation and had no use for wipers. Mary Anderson invented a simple wiper

for streetcar windows in 1903. Anderson lived most of her life in Birmingham, Alabama. But on a trip to New York she noticed how hard it was for a trolley driver to see through the windshield during a rainstorm, and this experience prompted her to invent the wiper. Wipers for headlights were added by Saab in 1970. Now rain-sensing wipers have appeared on luxury cars.

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All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

for STEP BY STEP GUIDE unigraphics simple tutorial please visit.........

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Windshield

BEHAVIOR

Windshields block debris and water from the interior of the car while

allowing the visibility needed for safe driving.

HABITAT

Windshields occupy the space between roof and hood on the front of

the car and between the roof and trunk along the rear.

HOW IT WORKS

Windshields are a sandwich of polyvinyl butyrate (PVB) between two layers of glass. The PVB holds the two layers of glass together without distorting or limiting the optical qualities. This laminate makes the windshield almost shatterproof, so if it’s damaged it won’t launch shards of glass into people. The windshield is glued into the window frame. On motorcycles, the windshield is often made of acrylic plastic instead of glass.

Windshield glass transmits nearly all visible light and most infrared light while reflecting most ultraviolet light. Thus, you can see out (and in, unless the windows are tinted) and the car heats up when left in the sun. However, you won’t get a sunburn (which is caused by ultraviolet rays) from sunlight passing through the windshield.

INTERESTING FACTS

In the United States about 13 million windshields are replaced each year.

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

Spoiler

BEHAVIOR

On passenger cars and trucks, the chief purpose of having a spoiler is

to make the car look cooler. In race cars spoilers (wings) push the rear

of the car downward to increase the traction to improve both acceleration

and braking.

HABITAT

Spoilers generally are found on the rear of the car body. However, some cars—NASCAR race cars, for example—and trucks have spoilers on their roofs. Less noticeable are spoilers beneath the front of passenger cars.

HOW IT WORKS

The word spoilers comes from the idea that the structures disrupt or spoil the natural flow of air over the car. Technically spoilers and wings are different, although they are lumped together here. Wings are aerodynamic devices whose purpose is to move air. In airplanes they push air downward so the plane has lift. In cars, wings are upside down so they push the car down to give it better traction. Race cars have them over the rear or driving wheels to provide better traction.

NASCAR cars now have safety wings (called spoilers) on the roof to provide downward force when the car is moving backward at high speed. You might wonder why race cars need downward force when moving opposite to the normal direction of driving. NASCAR cars have a tendency to fly when traveling backward after a collision or spin out.

A car moving backward at high speeds generates so much lift that it lifts off the ground, making it uncontrollable. Roof spoilers apply downward force to reduce the chance of lift-offs after accidents.

Passenger cars use devices to cover parts of the car to make them more aerodynamic, reducing drag. A belly pan under a car can smooth the air flow and keep it away from uneven surfaces.

Trucks use spoilers to divert air up and over their trailers. The flat front surface of a trailer presents a large drag surface. The spoiler pushes air up and over this surface. Stylistic spoilers don’t have aerodynamic or wing shapes. They sit on the rear of red sporty cars looking cool.

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

License Plate

BEHAVIOR

They identify vehicles for law enforcement. They make the connection

between owner and vehicle so you pay parking fines.

HABITAT

In the United States and most other countries, license plates are required to be viewable from the rear. Most are mounted (bolted) to the rear bumper or to the tailgate or trunk lid.

In some states, front licenses are also required. These are bolted to the front bumper.

HOW IT WORKS

License plates identify the registered owner. Each state creates its own coding system for licenses and records vehicle information numbers and other data along with the license plate numbers.

INTERESTING FACTS

License plates have been used from the very dawn of the automobile age. New York was the first state to require their use. In the United States the standard size for a plate is 12 by 6 inches. Most license plates are made by prison inmates. License plates are punched out of mile-long coils of 0.027 inch-thick aluminum. The

aluminum has to be washed and flattened. Plates are not painted; graphic sheets are glued to the plate. The corners are rounded and holes are punched for mounting. The raised numbers and letters that are unique to each plate are stamped into the plate. Prison inmates stamp each plate individually. Then the raised numbers and letters are inked. After that the plates are loaded into an oven to set the ink and adhesive (that holds the graphics).

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

Caring Radiator

Clean the radiator is actually an activity that should be one of the main part when the car users want to keep the vehicle independently. However, note that for certain types of cars - among them BMW - because the sophisticated cooling system, the activity had to be done by experts. Similarly, for a number of cars on the latest output class.

But most cars, even for a few variants of the Mercedes, the radiator system is developed with conventional technology. So draining and cleaning of the radiator is relatively easy and can be done independently. Here's efforts to care for the radiator cooling system the car can work optimally.

When the engine is cold

Some experts suggest the maintenance of mechanical water radiator radiator done when engine is cold. The trick just after the top cover removed, immediately opened spending taps. Then the water will come out. But most of the radiator only has a small tap expenditure and is located slightly on the top.

Because it is advisable to remove the rubber line at the bottom of the radiator so the water will be faster out. Be careful when opening and removing the rubber this channel. Replace the rubber line with a new one when the object is no longer have the flexibility. Channels hardened rubber radiator fragile and would make a fuss because the water in the radiator must be exhausted.

Spray with pressurized water

After the water is completely discharged, pressurized spray clean water through the top hole so that water will come out at the bottom. Cover with a large hole in the bottom of the hand until the water overflowing at the top and remove the arms so that the water rushing out. Repeat several times until the water enters and leaves the same clean condition.

For a certain type of car radiator is easy to do takedown. If you belong to this type of car, it helps lift the radiator when planning draining. After entering the water, shake the radiator to dissolve dirt.

Pack carefully re-

After removing the radiator and clean it, return it in place carefully and cautiously. Note erectness radiator and maintain an ideal distance to the fan. Tie re-attach and tighten the rubber channels and klemnya. It's good klemnya previously tensioned, is attached with glue specially known as a gasket.

Then clean the metal grating that there are nearly on the entire surface of the radiator by pressurized air. Spray tip compressor evenly. If previously the radiator removed, these activities can be replaced by immersing the radiator in a large bucket for a while until the dust and dirt decays.

Trim lattice with screwdriver tip

Most of the radiator grille was intact due to collision or hit the fan when the spin is not perfect. Tidy up the plot one by one using a small screwdriver tip. This activity is very tedious but necessary so that the air flow lanncar radiator body blow.

Filling water

Once the radiator back in place, fill the water until full. Then turn on the machine, and surface water will surely go down as some of the water sucked up and running on the machine. Allow the engine to heat water and fill to the brim, then tutupkan cover properly. After that fill the water up to 3 / 4 the surface of the reservoir tube is usually near the radiator and connected with a small hose.

How to drive a comfortable and convenient

Have you ever felt tired after driving? If your answer is yes, you're driving with improper driving position too long can make the entire body ache. Joints become stiff, muscle tone deteriorates, reaction speed and decreased coordination, decreased blood circulation, oxygen to the organs and muscles also declined. As a result, you feel tired. Crowding in the car also makes blood clot in the legs, especially the veins. Yes, the journey for three or four hours it can cause swelling in the feet.

How to drive a comfortable and pleasant:

1. Sit in a comfortable position.

2. Agency must be in an upright position.

3. Agency is not skewed to the left or right.

4. When driving, the shoulders should not go forward.

5. Keep your posture relaxed and stuck to the seat.

6. Both feet must be in a straight state.

7. Let both feet on the brakes, gas and clutch at my leisure.

8. Wear shoes when driving.

9. Never bend the leg, will accelerate fatigue.

10. Try to position your hands when holding the steering wheel straight.

11. Do not hold the steering wheel with crossed position.

Hubcaps and Spinners

BEHAVIOR

Like fashion models, hubcaps and spinners sashay around at incredible

speeds to look good. Spinners are kinetic devices that are free to rotate even when the wheel has stopped.

HABITAT

Hubcaps and spinners cover the center of a car’s wheel. Spinners and elaborate hubcaps cover the wheels of expensive cars and cars whose owners need to feel special.

HOW IT WORKS

Hubcaps are fixed decorative devices that attach to the wheel. Spinners attach to the wheel but are free to rotate. They pick up angular rotation from the spinning wheel. As the wheel rotates, friction between the bearings and the housing that holds them transfers some of the spinning energy from the wheel to the decorative spinner. When the car (and wheel) stops, the spinners continue to spin due to their angular momentum.

Other spinners are geared so they stay in place while the wheel rotates. This allows the car’s logo or name on the spinner to remain upright and readable while the car is in motion.

INTERESTING FACTS

Independently rotating spinners are relatively new. David Fowlkes got a patent (#6,554, 370) for spinners in 2001.

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

Quick Step Cleaning the Radiator

The radiator is one component that is often overlooked in the middle of caring for the car clean. Though these components is the core of the entire cooling system in cars. If only dirt to accumulate and clog the radiator then it is very possible if suddenly your car breaks down in the middle of the road.

For that as a car owner, awareness to clean the radiator regularly into the sdngat important. Yet to do this step is very simple and does not take a long time; see lahgkah following:

1. Before you begin cleaning the radiator, make sure the first machine in warm, that dirt is in the not yet settled: After that, open the radiator cap and faucet spending. It is recommended to open the gum line at the bottom so the water more quickly out. For the record, if the cap or the channels are not flexible because it will soon replace the fragile and make the radiator water out faster.

2. After all the water radiators keiuar spray with pressurized water through a hole above. Tutupiah with hand holes at the bottom while you spray the water to overflow. Repeat this step several times until the water comes out really clean. If possible copotlah radiator, after entering the water, so shake the dirt inside to escape.

3. When finished replace the radiator carefully, make sure the radiator and the fan has a considerable distance so as not to clash. Do not forget to install the rubber channels and tighten (it is recommended to add a special glue when tightening the rubber this channel).

4. Clean the metal lattice is also available on the radiator following the end of the compressor so that the dirt immediately vanished. Another thing that is necessary is to align the grating groove radiator dengari screwdriver eyes slowly and carefully so that air can flow out smoothly.

5. Finally after all is installed properly, fill the radiator again and restart the engine until hot. Add water as it surely will be reduced, and do not forget to fill the spare tube that is not far to the radiator. There is also a good idea to check the radiator of the leak, if there is take it to the nearest garage to get proper treatment.

The cylinder in automotive engines

The cylinder

Structures and functions

The cylinder block is the basic framework of a car engine. It supports and

holds all the other engine components. Figure 2.1 shows a typical cylinder

block without an integrated crankcase. Figure 2.2 shows the block with the upper part of the crankcase included. Figure 2.31 schematically illustrates the relative positions of the cylinder, piston and piston ring. The cylinder is a large hole machined in the cylinder block, surrounded by the cylinder wall. 

The piston rapidly travels back and forth in the cylinder under combustion pressure. The cylinder wall guides the moving piston, receives the combustion pressure, and conveys combustion heat outside the engine. Figure 2.4 gives an analysis of the materials needed for a cylinder with high output power and summarizes the reasons why a specific material or technology is chosen to fulfil a required function. A more detailed description is given in Appendix B.

The science and technology of materials in automotive engines

Hiroshi Yamagata

Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing

on behalf of

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

CRC Press

Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

Cambridge England

Heating Plug

BEHAVIOR

These plugs provide electrical power to block heaters and interior heaters. They allow drivers to get electric power from an external

supply at home or in parking lots.

HABITAT

Some plugs hang down from beneath the front grill, waiting to be

inserted into an electrical outlet. Others are built into the car fender.

HOW IT WORKS

In cold weather, engines start with greater difficulty and operate at

lower efficiency until warmed up. The fuel doesn’t vaporize as easily

when it is cold, so the car initially exhausts more unburned fuel,

adding to air pollution. And pistons are shaped so they work optimally when heated, which means that they don’t fit the cylinders optimally when they are cold. This results in a further loss of energy. Engine oil is more viscous in cold weather, which makes it more difficult for engine parts to move. And the chemical reaction in the battery that converts stored chemical energy into electricity needed to power the starter occurs more slowly. To prevent all of these inefficiencies, drivers use engine heaters.

When parking in cold climates drivers plug their cars into a source of electricity. In some places these sources have timers that either cycle on and off (to save power) or that a driver sets so the car is heated before the intended departure. 

The plugs connect to block heaters under the hood. The heater warms up the engine and helps it start. It also cuts air pollution by making the engine operate more efficiently when first starting. The heaters are often inserted into “freeze plugs” in the engine block. These are expansion holes in the block so the engine can better withstand expansion of liquids during extremely cold weather. A variety of alternative heating systems are available. Heaters for warming the inside of the car can also be connected to the heating plug. These can either sit on the floor of the car or be mounted inside the car.

INTERESTING FACTS

Andrew Freeman invented the block heater in 1946. His device (Patent #2487326) was a heating element inside a bolt. The heating bolt could replace one of the head bolts in the engine so it didn’t require any

other modifications to the engine.

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

Difficult car is turned on, How to Handle?

Difficult in-starter or the engine will not turn on its own is often a problem for someone's personal car, especially if it turns out the owner had no idea how to take care of the car. Lest you become one among those who are blind technology, machine dead because not infrequently occur when you least expect it (eg before an important meeting). For that, consider the following tips.

The first thing to note is that the car electrical system, conventional or modern cars are already using CDI (in the sense of all-electronic). If your car has been using all-electronic system, do not try to fix it manually because the system requires a reliable expert mechanics and equipment that exist only in garages car.

There are usually two things that cause the car can not be the starter, first because the battery is already in good condition less electrical system. Both are due to supply electricity to the armature in a conventional ignition system. Platinum may not have been good. If technology is more advanced, perhaps because of CDI. Kalou already CDI problem, perluke workshop because already complicated and difficult to handle alone. On the upper surface of the battery there are indicators that show the last condition of the battery. Can nunjukkin good battery condition / damaged, or an empty battery acid.

If already checked but the car still can not be turned on, it could be caused by platinum and condenser. Problems are usually contained in the platinum plate. If worn bulge means means it can not capture the spark of electricity. So that platinum could return to function properly, use sandpaper to remove dust / spots that stick. When you're done, plug it back in its original position. Platinum that has been cleaned will usually be able to lure back the spark so great, If not, it means that platinum is not used and must be replaced.

The next step is to check the fuse box. Consider whether the fuse has been installed is still intact or not. If wire connections are broken, it means that a fuse had to be replaced. For emergencies, you can wear a wire or fiber cable to be installed temporarily on the fuse. It is not recommended as a permanent solution, because it is changing as quickly as possible by bringing the car to the garage.

The last thing that used to be the ringleader of a car engine can not be a starter is because the supply of fuel / less air in the carburetor system (in this case means the filter dirty carburetor). Check the filter, remove the filter and clean with a brush or a toothbrush. Do not use a heater such as a hair-dryer and the like, because it can damage the walls of the air filter.

When everything is done and no progress, can not, take your car to the nearest garage. Do-do, the damage not only on your battery or platinum.

Headlights

BEHAVIOR

They light up your life—or at least the highway in front of you. Neither

rain nor snow nor dark of night can stop them from illuminating the way. However, a dense fog can really cut into their effectiveness.

HABITAT

Draw a picture of an animated car driving toward you and the headlights

are where you would put the eyes of the car. One is mounted on each side of the front of the car, outboard of and below the hood.

HOW IT WORKS

Most cars have halogen lights. Like traditional incandescent light bulbs found at home, halogen bulbs have tungsten filaments. The bulb itself is much smaller than an incandescent bulb and is made of quartz, not

glass, and is filled with halogen gas. The halogen interacts with the tungsten to redeposit tungsten back onto the filament so it lasts longer than tungsten filaments in bulbs at home. As hot as a bulb at home gets, the halogen bulb gets much hotter—too hot to use glass, thus requiring the quartz bulb.

The silver-colored material in the headlight reflects light outward so more of the generated light is useful. Dual-beam headlights have two filaments in each headlight. Pulling and holding the high-beam lever can turn on both filaments at once. 

On cars sold in the United States, low beams consume 45 watts of electric power and high beams consume 65 watts.

Some cars come equipped with High Intensity Discharge (HID) headlights that cast a blue tint. They operate like the mercury vapor lamps used in some street lighting, except that they don’t have the slow start up that mercury vapor has. The gas inside (xenon) is exposed to a very high voltage electric arc that excites the gas atoms into a higher energy state. When they return to their normal state they emit photons of light. As the bulb heats up, the gas inside becomes a plasma—ionized gas. HID lights give off more light per unit of electric energy consumed than traditional headlights do.

Most cars today have sealed beam headlights. These are enclosed to prevent air from moving in or out. Each unit has a filament, reflector, and lens.

Headlights on luxury cars have cleaning or wiping systems. Mercedes has a squirter that emerges from behind a panel when you press the button to clean the lights. Other cars have mini-wipers to swish away the dirt and snow.

INTERESTING FACTS

Early automobiles relied on carbide or acetylene gas lamps. Calcium carbide mixed with water generates acetylene (C2H2) which burns when ignited. It also explodes and is used in carbide cannons.

Headlights in most cars are designed for use only on one side of the road. The lights are pointed downward to the outside of the road so they don’t shine into the eyes of oncoming motorists.

Some cars have yellow fog lights that are better able to penetrate fog. But they are only better when the fog droplets are smaller than 0.2 microns. In most fog, yellow lights are no better than blue fog lights.

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

sudden movement could damage the engine

Vehicle engine maintenance is not solely an oil change, check the radiator, and submit it to the garage when damaged. Daily treatment administered appropriately to the machine can be made ​​to avoid the various problems that should not happen, so the engine is not quickly broken. Some simple things you can do so is not easily damaged engine is as follows.

Before using the car, you must heat up the engine. Not just any heating, but heating is done properly. Allow your engine to work without a load for a while, so that lubricating oil can flow to every part of the machine requires. Burden received a sudden the engine will cause the engine to work before the lubricating oil reaches every part of the machine that needs to be lubricated. When the surface of machine parts that rub against each other is allowed to work without properly lubricated properly, the machine will be quickly worn.

Another thing to note is the custom to put the foot on the clutch pedal. This habit will result in pressure pads and clutch plates become damaged quickly. In addition, the clutch pedal is too often trampled upon at the time that is not necessary to make the clutch slip.

Avoiding sudden actions during acceleration, deflection, and braking - except in an emergency - also helps the engine to keep it vibrant. When frequent, abrupt action would result in the wear process takes place too quickly to engine parts, especially tires. Sudden action also makes the connections loose engine. Moreover, when viewed in terms of safety, sudden action should not be done if not in an emergency. [Erf / arch]

Convertible Top

BEHAVIOR

Opens and closes to expose the driver and passenger to the sun and wind and envy of other drivers.

HABITAT

Convertibles are found on sports cars and some sedans. Found more

often in warm climates, convertibles are sometimes sported even in colder regions.

HOW IT WORKS

Convertibles can be either soft tops or hard tops. Soft tops have internal structures made of plastic and metal that support the plastic and fabric top. A motor lowers and raises the top from a compartment in front of the trunk. The rigid supports pivot and fold together in a marvel of mechanical engineering. Fully extended, it clamps to the top of the windshield to hold it in place. Soft tops usually have clear plastic rear windows that fold with the rest of the top. When lowered, soft tops are covered with a protective cloth fabric that clips in place behind the rear seats.

Hard top convertibles can be removable or retractable. Retractable tops store themselves automatically inside the trunk area. To remove the top, the driver pushes a button that activates the motor. The trunk or a separate storage area opens behind the rear seat. The windows in the doors automatically open to get out of the way and the top folds into two or more pieces as it is withdrawn to the rear. Once inside the storage compartment, the lid shuts.

INTERESTING FACTS

At the dawn of the age of automobiles, cars had soft tops or no tops. Manufacturers based car designs on horse-drawn wagons and buggies, so they made cars with similar tops. At the time, driving a car was not

a practical means of transportation, as roads were poorly suited for fast driving and service stations were scattered at best. Cars were toys for the wealthy who would drive them in nice weather when a top wasn’t required.

The first hard tops came out in 1910. As cars became less expensive to own and more practical to use, hard tops dominated the market. Hard tops not only shield the passengers from the elements, they also add

rigidity to the car body and improve the aerodynamics by cutting drag. Since convertibles need room to store the top when it isn’t up, trunk space is usually compromised. On the next warm summer day, tell yourself

that’s why you don’t own a convertible.

© 2009 by Ed Sobey

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

car engine sounds noisy

Characteristics of a healthy car, of course marked by smooth-sounding engine noise. But if you start hearing strange noises that originates on the machine, you should check out. Because the voices may be annoying in driving comfort. If the engine begins to sound, that is a sure sign of damage in that section.

Here are some sources of damage:

1. Voice squeaked a brief in the cylinder head. The reason: the piston scraping the cylinder wall, a broken piston body, piston rod installation error, or less oil.

2. Antarlogam pounding pounding sound (when the machine gets a load or accelerated). If his voice regularly, sliding bearings of the crankshaft is worn. Similarly, if her voice does not irregular and sharp, bearing seat (thrust bearing) is worn.

3. Metallic knocking sound heard when the machine twice with no load. The reason: the piston pin is worn or loose.

4. Clatter at no load or accelerated rounds. The reason: low-octane gasoline, carbon deposits, time is too fast ignition. To repair: replace gasoline with higher octane, clean carbon deposits, and the ignition time set correctly.

5. Vibrating sound during acceleration. The reason: piston ring or cylinder walls are worn or broken piston ring of low voltage.

6. Pounding or throbbing sound that slowly as the piston rises. Cause: worn bearings in the piston, piston rod mounting errors, less oil.

7. The click-click basis. The reason: the movement of the valve. To repair: do gap setting free the valve to the garage. 

Bumper

BEHAVIOR

They don’t do much, except when you drive too far into a parking space. Then they alert you with a bump and a noise that tells you, “Oh, no.”

HABITAT

They protrude beyond the car, both stem and stern, ostensibly to protect the more expensive components of the car from collisions.

HOW IT WORKS

The idea is sound: put a sacrificial steel bar that can withstand the bruises of everyday traffic to protect the more valuable fenders, grill, hood, and other expensive parts. Over time, however, bumpers have become refined and, in the process, less able

to do their assigned task.

Fiberglass has replaced steel for bumpers and their role has changed from useful protection to ornamentation. However, they do protect smaller and lighter vehicles from sliding under bigger vehicles in the case of  accidents.

INTERESTING FACTS

Undoubtedly you’ve seen politically incorrect bumper stickers, but have you seen the country bumper  stickers? From A for Austria to Z for Zimbabwe, nearly every country has a code. Many are easy to figure

out. Not so for St. Lucia, whose code is WL. That stands for Windward Islands, Lucia. If you see one with SMOM, that represents the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. EAK is on cars from Kenya—East

Africa Kenya. Switzerland uses CH for Confoederatio Helvetica. And, if you see a sticker with BS, its not making any political or social statements; the car is from the Bahamas.

© 2009 by Ed Sobey

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

check the exhaust to prevent trouble

Knowing the condition of automobile gasoline engines do not have to bother to open the hood or oil smeared. Want to know jurusnya? Just look at the condition of exhaust tip, you can become an expert. Capital is not as difficult as learning a thick book, only the following practical horoscope.

Molten oil

These conditions indicate the existence of engine oil into the combustion chamber in significant quantities. Along with the rest of the exhaust gas, the oil will be wasted through the exhaust pipe line.

This event can be seen from the molten oil at the end of the exhaust pipe. "When the engine running, also accompanied by the appearance of dense white smoke".

The reason could be because the condition of the piston ring worn or loose. Or derived from oil seepage due to cracked valve seals. Fix or check both of these components before the damage got worse.

Black crust

The crust is attached to the wall of the inner exhaust pipe tip. If this occurs, one would expect too much gasoline is wasted through the exhaust fumes. This condition usually causes the wasteful fuel consumption and less power, especially the initial acceleration.

Exhaust emission test results also indicate levels of hydrocarbons (HC) is high (above 200) and the lambda value smaller than the ideal value (one). "The reason for the mixture of gasoline into the combustion chamber more than air". If this happens, try resetting carburizing system.

Gray crust

This condition indicates the engine combustion is complete. Mixture of air, gasoline and lighters in ideal conditions until the combustion efficiency obtained.

Unfortunately, berkelir gray crust is relatively difficult to obtain in conditions of heavy traffic (jam). In these conditions, raw gasoline are wasted through the exhaust. Although the setting is an ideal machine, sometimes crusty black exhaust tip.

Know, Geber car at high rpm on the freeway. Hold for a few minutes. In addition to throwing the rest of the crust in the combustion chamber, also effectively determine the condition of the exhaust pipe tip.

Splashing water

This event normally occurs when the condition

the engine is still cold. The water source is not from the engine, but from the effects of condensation (dew) in the exhaust tract. Along with rising temperatures in the pipes and mufflers, a splash of water will disappear by itself. This condition is well indicated a clean pipeline from the oil or melt the crust that accumulates.

Debris

This flake out when the engine is spinning at high rpm. Whether it is a rusted iron or a burning cotton-like objects. It also shows the condition of the filter exhaust (mufflers) are porous due to rust. Flakes of rust and Glasswool silencer in the muffler off, to come out simultaneously with the smoke exhaust. Usually this condition is accompanied by the noise from a leaky exhaust and followed wasteful fuel consumption.

Autopark and Back-Up Proximity Systems

BEHAVIOR

For the parking-impaired (like me), the autopark or self-park drives the car into tight parallel parking spots. They also assist with backing into a parking space. Less sophisticated systems provide distance warnings

as the cars backs up.

HABITAT

Some of the electronics are housed in the dashboard, but the controlling computer is mounted inside the trunk. Sensors are mounted in the front and rear bumpers and on the fenders.

HOW IT WORKS

Several sensors detect other cars and estimate the distance to them. They also estimate how much space is available in the parking space and the distance to the curb. Data is fed into a computer that calculates

the optimal steering angles and then controls the car’s steering. System sensors are energized when the driver puts the transmission in reverse. The computer alerts the driver when to shift gears and when

to stop. The driver controls the car’s speed, by pressing on the brake pedal, and the transmission—forward and reverse. The computer controls the steering.

Sensors use ultrasound sonar to measure the distance to any objects. Sonar systems measure the length of time between the sending of a pulse and receiving a reflection of the pulse. The longer the

time, the farther away the object is.While backing up, the sensors trigger a warning beep played on a

piezoelectric speaker inside the car. As the car gets closer to another vehicle or other object behind it, the pace of the beeps increases. Some systems also have a video screen that illustrates how close the car is getting to the object behind it. More elaborate systems, like those found on some models of Lexus, have a video camera to show what is behind the car. The video screens have touch screen controls

so the driver can tell the system where he or she wants to park. These systems are new and only a few car models have them. They seem to be popular with car buyers, so expect to see more models available soon.

© 2009 by Ed Sobey

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

Anticipating the brake tension in the middle of the road

In the middle of your journey on the highway, often unexpected damage to your car that can not be avoided. Brakes are suddenly free from tension will make you panic. Do not panic, there are still things that can be done to anticipate them.

The cause may be your lack of control over the condition of your vehicle, if you will be traveling, it helps you check the condition of your car first. What should you do:

1. Immediately reduce the speed of your vehicle. Then move your foot from the accelerator. Enable devices the handbrake.

2. Raise your hand brake lever slowly but surely up to the limit of optimal work. Do not answer it fully, due to the sudden braking, the rear of the vehicle will experience traction suddenly and can cause the twist.

3. After using the hand brake, immediately use the engine brake. Enter the transmission gear of the gear position with the gear position five to one. Although normally the teeth can not into a low position because of rotation is too high, just because these conditions impose an emergency.

4. If still in trouble, you should be forced to lean on the front of your vehicle in front of a car bumper. Although the risk is your car bumper and in front of you becomes damaged. His name is also an emergency, an important find survivors

Antenna, Satellite Radio

BEHAVIOR

The advantage of having satellite radio reception is being able to drive

completely across the country and never having to change your radio

dial. Or being able to listen to every NFL football game regardless

of where you are. Satellite radio delivers dozens of music and entertainment

channels, plus sports, news, and traffic information nearly

everywhere in the United States, including southern Alaska. Television

service for backseat viewers will soon be available by satellite radio.

HABITAT

These antennas can take one of several shapes. Most common is a vertical

wire sheathed in plastic about a foot long that has a plastic base

attached to the car. Another model added after market is a small plastic

box with wires that can be fed into the trunk. All are mounted on the

roof or other parts high enough to receive signals from overhead.

HOW IT WORKS

The two satellite companies operating in the United States, Sirius

and XM Satellite Radio, merged in February 2007. Because the two

companies use incompatible technology, they will have redundant

equipment and services until they introduce radio receivers that can

receive signals from both systems. The combined company has seven

satellites in space plus one spare for each of the two technologies.

XM satellites are geostationary, while Sirius satellites are geosynchronous.

A geostationary satellite revolves around the Earth at the

same rate that the Earth is spinning, so it stays over the same point

relative to Earth. These are located above the equator. Geosynchronous

satellites return to the same location above Earth at the same

time every day. Having multiple geosynchronous satellites allows the

radio company to have one above the center of the United States at all

times. This reduces the number of repeaters they need on the ground.

The spares are kept on hand to replace a satellite should it fail.

In addition to the satellites, there is a network of ground repeaters

that fill in the signal in locations that don’t have good reception from

the satellite. A typical U.S. city might have 20 repeaters. XM operates

about 800 repeaters in the United States.

The satellites broadcast (and the repeaters repeat) a signal within

the frequency band centered at 12.5 MHz. They broadcast on two carrier

waves within the 12.5 MHz band and use four other bands

to repeat the signal. A complex system allows one signal to fill in

for another.

The visible receivers catch the radio signals from either satellite

or ground repeater, filter out unwanted radio signals, and amplify the

signal. The second component of the system decodes the radio signals

and lowers the frequency of the signals so the car radio can play

the songs.

© 2009 by Ed Sobey

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

Reading effectiveness engine oil

OWNER cars in big cities do not nan busy have time to open the engine room to check the presence of car engine oil, both from the aspect of volume and thickness (viscosity). The presence of engine oil, which allows the replacement of more than 10,000 km mileage, making the vehicle owners do not care about the existence and function of engine oil for vehicles. In fact, oil is no longer effectively perform its functions as an engine lubricant can be identified from behind the wheel of the vehicle cabin or where the owner resides. READING effectiveness of engine oil is an important vehicle-related funds. Oil that has been "lackluster" would obviously shorten engine life. This is clearly related to the greater investment to repair or replace the engines of new cars. In fact, there is a car that is no small price. And in turn make the hurt if credit has not been completed as well.

Actually not too difficult in reading performance engine oil that pelumasannya power was no longer effective. Everything can be felt, heard, or viewed directly, especially if you're behind the wheel of a car that is being used. The cars did provide cutting-edge oil pressure indicator inside the cab, but it is not absolutely demonstrate the effectiveness of lubricants.

Crake

Engine oil is known to have a function to reduce friction or wear and tear of a number of components in the machine that works and move when the engine life. Antarkomponen metal friction in machinery such as valves / valve engine, gear in the machine, will be louder if the lubricant is no longer effective in its function in reducing friction or wear and tear.

"If it sounds louder engine components or crisp compared to the previous, lubricants may no longer function effectively. Moreover, if the sound had come from the car with the engine still uses multikatup system," said Mico F Kaliki, Marketing Manager of PT Bahana Nusa Lubrindo Italian Agip oil peddling.

Surely, said Mico, crisp or loud noise is not due to oil or grease does not get to the valve / valve engines due to a malfunctioning oil pump well. Lubricants fixed to the valve chamber, but the level is already low viscosity causes the scraping sound of metal components in the machine becomes clearer, louder.

One thing that also must be certain and true that the volume of lubricant in the engine is in compliance. Also lubricant that is inserted into the engine cavity is in conformity with the type of machine such as gasoline or diesel engines, and engine life. Lubricating characteristics, namely the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) which determines the level of viscosity (viscosity) lubricants and API (American Petroleum Institute) is an indication of quality lubricants, also is right.

Lubricants for diesel engines in terms of quality instruction (API) always preceded the letter C (commercial) such as CD or CF. Petrol engines starting with the letters S (service station) such as SG or SJ. In terms of viscosity, old machines clearly need to require a lubricant with high viscosity as SAE 20 W-50, whereas the new machine with thin viscosity such as SAE 5W-50 or 10W-40. W stands for winter (winter) in which the viscosity reaches 20 (20 W) and when the heat reached 50.

If all of the technical provisions are violated, it could be a car engine sounds more nets. For example, the new engine lubricant for use on old machines, obviously not a lot of work in reducing the level of friction or collision of metal components in the machine. This mistake can be detected in the morning when the engine is turned on, you hear a loud engine valves due to a lack of fully functional lubricant in reducing friction.

If the function of reducing friction is reduced, the car owner or driver can see it from the engine temperature is higher than usual. Surely this is only accurate if the engine cooling system (water-filled radiator, cooling fan smoothly, and pump water okay) was normal. If so, most likely in a vehicle engine lubricants are not effective.

Antarkomponen-friction engine components which will obviously make a bigger and bigger engine temperature rises quickly. In fact, a lubricant to minimize friction was tasked with infiltrating the gaps between the moving engine components. The presence of lubricant in there also cools the components earlier.

"So, if the engine temperature indicator panel is higher than normal, while the cooling water okay, okay radiator cooling fans and other cooling system is okay, then it could be that the performance of lubricants in the engine cavity is no longer effective," said Mico. If you have this, you should grease be replaced even if the number of mileage yet half of the next request to replace the lubricant.

Acceleration is reduced

Ineffectiveness of lubricants can also be felt the pull of the machine that feels diminished. Acceleration of the car when the green light, or when driving on the freeway, feels less solid. "Pengemudilah most feel the performance is declining due to engine lubricating function that has been greatly reduced," said Mico.

Antarkomponen metal friction in the engine obviously getting choked up when the lubricant is not enough to infiltrate among the components that rub against each other. In accumulation, the friction that stuttering is impacting on the power or acceleration produced automobile engines. Car porch when driven hard. Furthermore, not only short-lived engine, but fuel consumption is also wasteful.

In this case, no wonder that there is a kind of unwritten agreement that the new car should not be driven fast. Also that engine is not being forced to pull a heavy payload. All this because the machine on new cars tend to have high levels of metal antarkomponen very high friction.

This agreement can later be erased or fading due to start popping up various brands of lubricants with a watery viscosity level specifically created for a new car engine.

Dilute lubricants (rank / grade SL or SJ for gasoline engines and CJ-4, CH-4, CG-4, or CF-4 for diesel engines) are able to infiltrate freely into the crevices of the new machines are practically still very narrow .

Given the importance of lubrication in the engine, while the level of activity that does not allow time and space for open space car engine, actually detect the effectiveness of the lubricant with the feeling, listening, and saw from behind the steering was accurate enough to get to the garage to replace existing lubricants.

Car engines fall clearly requires a much larger fund than buying 5 quarts or 4 liters of engine lubricating.

Conventional Cars

Automobile history begins after the development of important scientific discoveries in the fields of electricity, mechanics, thermodynamics, and materials. Somehow, it could be considered as automobile antecedents: the discovery of static electricity by Thales of Miletus in 600 B.C., the inventions of Otto Von Guerick (1672), Andreas Gordon (1742), Franklin Youngest child (1747), and Nicholas Cugnot, who constructed in France the first automobile made of wood. However, the first important

landmark in the history of the automobile can be placed in 1908 with the starting of the manufacture line of the Ford Model T. That was the moment when the foundations of the later-named Second Industrial Revolution appeared, which allowed several million people to access a low-cost way of transport. In fact, since then transportation has constituted one of the strategic axes of the industrial development. Proof of the  utomobile’s impact in society is that, at the moment, many of the main world industrial companies center their activity in automobile manufacturing.

EVOLUTION OF THE DISTRIBUTION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The automobile’s electrical consumption has grown year by year. From the beginning until

the end of the 1950s the growth was smooth. Later on, coinciding with the establishment

of the 12 V battery as a supply standard in order to satisfy the increasing exigencies of

comfort and security, growth was bigger.

© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

An aspect to consider in the historical evolution of the automobile is the minimal

penetration of power electronics in the automobile field until a few years ago. However,

in the immediate future a massive presence of power electronics in the automobile is

expected, mainly due to the new architectures of the automobile supply systems.

Nowadays the technical committees of the main societies that group the different

industries of the automobile sector have already defined the outline of the services and

systems that will gradually be included in automobiles during the next 15 years.

One of the axes of change is to increase electrical consumption to be able to elevate

the level of comfort and security. Another vector of improvement is the diminution of fuel

consumption per kilometer.

It is clear that, to be able to integrate both aspects, it must use an electrical supply

system that fulfills these three general requirements:

1. It makes an optimal transformation of the mechanical energy into electrical

energy.

2. It distributes the electrical energy with minimum losses.

3. It supplies the required services (loads) with maximum efficiency.

These facts start to force several future situations:

• Only the alternator will have a mechanical connection with the internal combustion

engine. All the other motors, from the conditioned air compressor to

the refrigeration water pump, will be electrically driven.

• High-efficiency lamps like the HID ones will increasingly substitute the conventional

high-beam lights. Moreover, neon lamps or LEDs will be used for

signaling and fluorescent lights for interior illumination.

• Wherever it becomes possible, the use of AC motors, with or without regulation,

will be attempted.

Edited by

Ali Emadi

Illinois Institute of Technology

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

Roberto Giral-Castillón, Luis Martínez-Salamero, and Javier Maixé-Altés

Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC