The cylinder in automotive engines

The cylinder
Structures and functions
The cylinder block is the basic framework of a car engine. It supports and
holds all the other engine components. Figure 2.1 shows a typical cylinder
block without an integrated crankcase. Figure 2.2 shows the block with the upper part of the crankcase included. Figure 2.31 schematically illustrates the relative positions of the cylinder, piston and piston ring. The cylinder is a large hole machined in the cylinder block, surrounded by the cylinder wall. 

The piston rapidly travels back and forth in the cylinder under combustion pressure. The cylinder wall guides the moving piston, receives the combustion pressure, and conveys combustion heat outside the engine. Figure 2.4 gives an analysis of the materials needed for a cylinder with high output power and summarizes the reasons why a specific material or technology is chosen to fulfil a required function. A more detailed description is given in Appendix B.


















The science and technology of materials in automotive engines
Hiroshi Yamagata
Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing
on behalf of
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED
Cambridge England

Heating Plug

BEHAVIOR
These plugs provide electrical power to block heaters and interior heaters. They allow drivers to get electric power from an external
supply at home or in parking lots.

HABITAT
Some plugs hang down from beneath the front grill, waiting to be
inserted into an electrical outlet. Others are built into the car fender.

HOW IT WORKS
In cold weather, engines start with greater difficulty and operate at
lower efficiency until warmed up. The fuel doesn’t vaporize as easily
when it is cold, so the car initially exhausts more unburned fuel,
adding to air pollution. And pistons are shaped so they work optimally when heated, which means that they don’t fit the cylinders optimally when they are cold. This results in a further loss of energy. Engine oil is more viscous in cold weather, which makes it more difficult for engine parts to move. And the chemical reaction in the battery that converts stored chemical energy into electricity needed to power the starter occurs more slowly. To prevent all of these inefficiencies, drivers use engine heaters.

When parking in cold climates drivers plug their cars into a source of electricity. In some places these sources have timers that either cycle on and off (to save power) or that a driver sets so the car is heated before the intended departure. 

The plugs connect to block heaters under the hood. The heater warms up the engine and helps it start. It also cuts air pollution by making the engine operate more efficiently when first starting. The heaters are often inserted into “freeze plugs” in the engine block. These are expansion holes in the block so the engine can better withstand expansion of liquids during extremely cold weather. A variety of alternative heating systems are available. Heaters for warming the inside of the car can also be connected to the heating plug. These can either sit on the floor of the car or be mounted inside the car.

INTERESTING FACTS
Andrew Freeman invented the block heater in 1946. His device (Patent #2487326) was a heating element inside a bolt. The heating bolt could replace one of the head bolts in the engine so it didn’t require any
other modifications to the engine.



All rights reserved
Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated
814 North Franklin Street
Chicago, Illinois 60610
ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5
Printed in the United States of America
5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–
A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5
1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.
TL146.5.S63 2008
629.2—dc22
2008046620

Difficult car is turned on, How to Handle?

Difficult in-starter or the engine will not turn on its own is often a problem for someone's personal car, especially if it turns out the owner had no idea how to take care of the car. Lest you become one among those who are blind technology, machine dead because not infrequently occur when you least expect it (eg before an important meeting). For that, consider the following tips.

The first thing to note is that the car electrical system, conventional or modern cars are already using CDI (in the sense of all-electronic). If your car has been using all-electronic system, do not try to fix it manually because the system requires a reliable expert mechanics and equipment that exist only in garages car.

There are usually two things that cause the car can not be the starter, first because the battery is already in good condition less electrical system. Both are due to supply electricity to the armature in a conventional ignition system. Platinum may not have been good. If technology is more advanced, perhaps because of CDI. Kalou already CDI problem, perluke workshop because already complicated and difficult to handle alone. On the upper surface of the battery there are indicators that show the last condition of the battery. Can nunjukkin good battery condition / damaged, or an empty battery acid.

If already checked but the car still can not be turned on, it could be caused by platinum and condenser. Problems are usually contained in the platinum plate. If worn bulge means means it can not capture the spark of electricity. So that platinum could return to function properly, use sandpaper to remove dust / spots that stick. When you're done, plug it back in its original position. Platinum that has been cleaned will usually be able to lure back the spark so great, If not, it means that platinum is not used and must be replaced.

The next step is to check the fuse box. Consider whether the fuse has been installed is still intact or not. If wire connections are broken, it means that a fuse had to be replaced. For emergencies, you can wear a wire or fiber cable to be installed temporarily on the fuse. It is not recommended as a permanent solution, because it is changing as quickly as possible by bringing the car to the garage.

The last thing that used to be the ringleader of a car engine can not be a starter is because the supply of fuel / less air in the carburetor system (in this case means the filter dirty carburetor). Check the filter, remove the filter and clean with a brush or a toothbrush. Do not use a heater such as a hair-dryer and the like, because it can damage the walls of the air filter.

When everything is done and no progress, can not, take your car to the nearest garage. Do-do, the damage not only on your battery or platinum.

Headlights

BEHAVIOR
They light up your life—or at least the highway in front of you. Neither
rain nor snow nor dark of night can stop them from illuminating the way. However, a dense fog can really cut into their effectiveness.

HABITAT
Draw a picture of an animated car driving toward you and the headlights
are where you would put the eyes of the car. One is mounted on each side of the front of the car, outboard of and below the hood.

HOW IT WORKS
Most cars have halogen lights. Like traditional incandescent light bulbs found at home, halogen bulbs have tungsten filaments. The bulb itself is much smaller than an incandescent bulb and is made of quartz, not
glass, and is filled with halogen gas. The halogen interacts with the tungsten to redeposit tungsten back onto the filament so it lasts longer than tungsten filaments in bulbs at home. As hot as a bulb at home gets, the halogen bulb gets much hotter—too hot to use glass, thus requiring the quartz bulb.
The silver-colored material in the headlight reflects light outward so more of the generated light is useful. Dual-beam headlights have two filaments in each headlight. Pulling and holding the high-beam lever can turn on both filaments at once. 
On cars sold in the United States, low beams consume 45 watts of electric power and high beams consume 65 watts.

Some cars come equipped with High Intensity Discharge (HID) headlights that cast a blue tint. They operate like the mercury vapor lamps used in some street lighting, except that they don’t have the slow start up that mercury vapor has. The gas inside (xenon) is exposed to a very high voltage electric arc that excites the gas atoms into a higher energy state. When they return to their normal state they emit photons of light. As the bulb heats up, the gas inside becomes a plasma—ionized gas. HID lights give off more light per unit of electric energy consumed than traditional headlights do.
Most cars today have sealed beam headlights. These are enclosed to prevent air from moving in or out. Each unit has a filament, reflector, and lens.
Headlights on luxury cars have cleaning or wiping systems. Mercedes has a squirter that emerges from behind a panel when you press the button to clean the lights. Other cars have mini-wipers to swish away the dirt and snow.

INTERESTING FACTS
Early automobiles relied on carbide or acetylene gas lamps. Calcium carbide mixed with water generates acetylene (C2H2) which burns when ignited. It also explodes and is used in carbide cannons.
Headlights in most cars are designed for use only on one side of the road. The lights are pointed downward to the outside of the road so they don’t shine into the eyes of oncoming motorists.
Some cars have yellow fog lights that are better able to penetrate fog. But they are only better when the fog droplets are smaller than 0.2 microns. In most fog, yellow lights are no better than blue fog lights.



All rights reserved
Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated
814 North Franklin Street
Chicago, Illinois 60610
ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5
Printed in the United States of America
5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–
A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5
1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.
TL146.5.S63 2008
629.2—dc22
2008046620

sudden movement could damage the engine

Vehicle engine maintenance is not solely an oil change, check the radiator, and submit it to the garage when damaged. Daily treatment administered appropriately to the machine can be made ​​to avoid the various problems that should not happen, so the engine is not quickly broken. Some simple things you can do so is not easily damaged engine is as follows.



Before using the car, you must heat up the engine. Not just any heating, but heating is done properly. Allow your engine to work without a load for a while, so that lubricating oil can flow to every part of the machine requires. Burden received a sudden the engine will cause the engine to work before the lubricating oil reaches every part of the machine that needs to be lubricated. When the surface of machine parts that rub against each other is allowed to work without properly lubricated properly, the machine will be quickly worn.

Another thing to note is the custom to put the foot on the clutch pedal. This habit will result in pressure pads and clutch plates become damaged quickly. In addition, the clutch pedal is too often trampled upon at the time that is not necessary to make the clutch slip.

Avoiding sudden actions during acceleration, deflection, and braking - except in an emergency - also helps the engine to keep it vibrant. When frequent, abrupt action would result in the wear process takes place too quickly to engine parts, especially tires. Sudden action also makes the connections loose engine. Moreover, when viewed in terms of safety, sudden action should not be done if not in an emergency. [Erf / arch]

Convertible Top

BEHAVIOR
Opens and closes to expose the driver and passenger to the sun and wind and envy of other drivers.

HABITAT
Convertibles are found on sports cars and some sedans. Found more
often in warm climates, convertibles are sometimes sported even in colder regions.

HOW IT WORKS
Convertibles can be either soft tops or hard tops. Soft tops have internal structures made of plastic and metal that support the plastic and fabric top. A motor lowers and raises the top from a compartment in front of the trunk. The rigid supports pivot and fold together in a marvel of mechanical engineering. Fully extended, it clamps to the top of the windshield to hold it in place. Soft tops usually have clear plastic rear windows that fold with the rest of the top. When lowered, soft tops are covered with a protective cloth fabric that clips in place behind the rear seats.

Hard top convertibles can be removable or retractable. Retractable tops store themselves automatically inside the trunk area. To remove the top, the driver pushes a button that activates the motor. The trunk or a separate storage area opens behind the rear seat. The windows in the doors automatically open to get out of the way and the top folds into two or more pieces as it is withdrawn to the rear. Once inside the storage compartment, the lid shuts.

INTERESTING FACTS
At the dawn of the age of automobiles, cars had soft tops or no tops. Manufacturers based car designs on horse-drawn wagons and buggies, so they made cars with similar tops. At the time, driving a car was not
a practical means of transportation, as roads were poorly suited for fast driving and service stations were scattered at best. Cars were toys for the wealthy who would drive them in nice weather when a top wasn’t required.
The first hard tops came out in 1910. As cars became less expensive to own and more practical to use, hard tops dominated the market. Hard tops not only shield the passengers from the elements, they also add
rigidity to the car body and improve the aerodynamics by cutting drag. Since convertibles need room to store the top when it isn’t up, trunk space is usually compromised. On the next warm summer day, tell yourself
that’s why you don’t own a convertible.






© 2009 by Ed Sobey
All rights reserved
Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated
814 North Franklin Street
Chicago, Illinois 60610
ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5
Printed in the United States of America
5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–
A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5
1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.
TL146.5.S63 2008
629.2—dc22
2008046620

car engine sounds noisy

Characteristics of a healthy car, of course marked by smooth-sounding engine noise. But if you start hearing strange noises that originates on the machine, you should check out. Because the voices may be annoying in driving comfort. If the engine begins to sound, that is a sure sign of damage in that section.


Here are some sources of damage:
1. Voice squeaked a brief in the cylinder head. The reason: the piston scraping the cylinder wall, a broken piston body, piston rod installation error, or less oil.
2. Antarlogam pounding pounding sound (when the machine gets a load or accelerated). If his voice regularly, sliding bearings of the crankshaft is worn. Similarly, if her voice does not irregular and sharp, bearing seat (thrust bearing) is worn.
3. Metallic knocking sound heard when the machine twice with no load. The reason: the piston pin is worn or loose.
4. Clatter at no load or accelerated rounds. The reason: low-octane gasoline, carbon deposits, time is too fast ignition. To repair: replace gasoline with higher octane, clean carbon deposits, and the ignition time set correctly.

5. Vibrating sound during acceleration. The reason: piston ring or cylinder walls are worn or broken piston ring of low voltage.
6. Pounding or throbbing sound that slowly as the piston rises. Cause: worn bearings in the piston, piston rod mounting errors, less oil.
7. The click-click basis. The reason: the movement of the valve. To repair: do gap setting free the valve to the garage. 



Bumper

BEHAVIOR
They don’t do much, except when you drive too far into a parking space. Then they alert you with a bump and a noise that tells you, “Oh, no.”
HABITAT
They protrude beyond the car, both stem and stern, ostensibly to protect the more expensive components of the car from collisions.
HOW IT WORKS
The idea is sound: put a sacrificial steel bar that can withstand the bruises of everyday traffic to protect the more valuable fenders, grill, hood, and other expensive parts. Over time, however, bumpers have become refined and, in the process, less able
to do their assigned task.
Fiberglass has replaced steel for bumpers and their role has changed from useful protection to ornamentation. However, they do protect smaller and lighter vehicles from sliding under bigger vehicles in the case of  accidents.

INTERESTING FACTS
Undoubtedly you’ve seen politically incorrect bumper stickers, but have you seen the country bumper  stickers? From A for Austria to Z for Zimbabwe, nearly every country has a code. Many are easy to figure
out. Not so for St. Lucia, whose code is WL. That stands for Windward Islands, Lucia. If you see one with SMOM, that represents the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. EAK is on cars from Kenya—East
Africa Kenya. Switzerland uses CH for Confoederatio Helvetica. And, if you see a sticker with BS, its not making any political or social statements; the car is from the Bahamas.



© 2009 by Ed Sobey
All rights reserved
Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated
814 North Franklin Street
Chicago, Illinois 60610
ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5
Printed in the United States of America
5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–
A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5
1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.
TL146.5.S63 2008
629.2—dc22
2008046620

check the exhaust to prevent trouble

Knowing the condition of automobile gasoline engines do not have to bother to open the hood or oil smeared. Want to know jurusnya? Just look at the condition of exhaust tip, you can become an expert. Capital is not as difficult as learning a thick book, only the following practical horoscope.

Molten oil
These conditions indicate the existence of engine oil into the combustion chamber in significant quantities. Along with the rest of the exhaust gas, the oil will be wasted through the exhaust pipe line.

This event can be seen from the molten oil at the end of the exhaust pipe. "When the engine running, also accompanied by the appearance of dense white smoke".

The reason could be because the condition of the piston ring worn or loose. Or derived from oil seepage due to cracked valve seals. Fix or check both of these components before the damage got worse.

Black crust
The crust is attached to the wall of the inner exhaust pipe tip. If this occurs, one would expect too much gasoline is wasted through the exhaust fumes. This condition usually causes the wasteful fuel consumption and less power, especially the initial acceleration.

Exhaust emission test results also indicate levels of hydrocarbons (HC) is high (above 200) and the lambda value smaller than the ideal value (one). "The reason for the mixture of gasoline into the combustion chamber more than air". If this happens, try resetting carburizing system.

Gray crust

This condition indicates the engine combustion is complete. Mixture of air, gasoline and lighters in ideal conditions until the combustion efficiency obtained.

Unfortunately, berkelir gray crust is relatively difficult to obtain in conditions of heavy traffic (jam). In these conditions, raw gasoline are wasted through the exhaust. Although the setting is an ideal machine, sometimes crusty black exhaust tip.

Know, Geber car at high rpm on the freeway. Hold for a few minutes. In addition to throwing the rest of the crust in the combustion chamber, also effectively determine the condition of the exhaust pipe tip.


Splashing water
This event normally occurs when the condition


the engine is still cold. The water source is not from the engine, but from the effects of condensation (dew) in the exhaust tract. Along with rising temperatures in the pipes and mufflers, a splash of water will disappear by itself. This condition is well indicated a clean pipeline from the oil or melt the crust that accumulates.

Debris
This flake out when the engine is spinning at high rpm. Whether it is a rusted iron or a burning cotton-like objects. It also shows the condition of the filter exhaust (mufflers) are porous due to rust. Flakes of rust and Glasswool silencer in the muffler off, to come out simultaneously with the smoke exhaust. Usually this condition is accompanied by the noise from a leaky exhaust and followed wasteful fuel consumption.