Anticipating the brake tension in the middle of the road

In the middle of your journey on the highway, often unexpected damage to your car that can not be avoided. Brakes are suddenly free from tension will make you panic. Do not panic, there are still things that can be done to anticipate them.

The cause may be your lack of control over the condition of your vehicle, if you will be traveling, it helps you check the condition of your car first. What should you do:

1. Immediately reduce the speed of your vehicle. Then move your foot from the accelerator. Enable devices the handbrake.

2. Raise your hand brake lever slowly but surely up to the limit of optimal work. Do not answer it fully, due to the sudden braking, the rear of the vehicle will experience traction suddenly and can cause the twist.

3. After using the hand brake, immediately use the engine brake. Enter the transmission gear of the gear position with the gear position five to one. Although normally the teeth can not into a low position because of rotation is too high, just because these conditions impose an emergency.

4. If still in trouble, you should be forced to lean on the front of your vehicle in front of a car bumper. Although the risk is your car bumper and in front of you becomes damaged. His name is also an emergency, an important find survivors

Antenna, Satellite Radio

BEHAVIOR

The advantage of having satellite radio reception is being able to drive

completely across the country and never having to change your radio

dial. Or being able to listen to every NFL football game regardless

of where you are. Satellite radio delivers dozens of music and entertainment

channels, plus sports, news, and traffic information nearly

everywhere in the United States, including southern Alaska. Television

service for backseat viewers will soon be available by satellite radio.

HABITAT

These antennas can take one of several shapes. Most common is a vertical

wire sheathed in plastic about a foot long that has a plastic base

attached to the car. Another model added after market is a small plastic

box with wires that can be fed into the trunk. All are mounted on the

roof or other parts high enough to receive signals from overhead.

HOW IT WORKS

The two satellite companies operating in the United States, Sirius

and XM Satellite Radio, merged in February 2007. Because the two

companies use incompatible technology, they will have redundant

equipment and services until they introduce radio receivers that can

receive signals from both systems. The combined company has seven

satellites in space plus one spare for each of the two technologies.

XM satellites are geostationary, while Sirius satellites are geosynchronous.

A geostationary satellite revolves around the Earth at the

same rate that the Earth is spinning, so it stays over the same point

relative to Earth. These are located above the equator. Geosynchronous

satellites return to the same location above Earth at the same

time every day. Having multiple geosynchronous satellites allows the

radio company to have one above the center of the United States at all

times. This reduces the number of repeaters they need on the ground.

The spares are kept on hand to replace a satellite should it fail.

In addition to the satellites, there is a network of ground repeaters

that fill in the signal in locations that don’t have good reception from

the satellite. A typical U.S. city might have 20 repeaters. XM operates

about 800 repeaters in the United States.

The satellites broadcast (and the repeaters repeat) a signal within

the frequency band centered at 12.5 MHz. They broadcast on two carrier

waves within the 12.5 MHz band and use four other bands

to repeat the signal. A complex system allows one signal to fill in

for another.

The visible receivers catch the radio signals from either satellite

or ground repeater, filter out unwanted radio signals, and amplify the

signal. The second component of the system decodes the radio signals

and lowers the frequency of the signals so the car radio can play

the songs.

© 2009 by Ed Sobey

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

Reading effectiveness engine oil

OWNER cars in big cities do not nan busy have time to open the engine room to check the presence of car engine oil, both from the aspect of volume and thickness (viscosity). The presence of engine oil, which allows the replacement of more than 10,000 km mileage, making the vehicle owners do not care about the existence and function of engine oil for vehicles. In fact, oil is no longer effectively perform its functions as an engine lubricant can be identified from behind the wheel of the vehicle cabin or where the owner resides. READING effectiveness of engine oil is an important vehicle-related funds. Oil that has been "lackluster" would obviously shorten engine life. This is clearly related to the greater investment to repair or replace the engines of new cars. In fact, there is a car that is no small price. And in turn make the hurt if credit has not been completed as well.

Actually not too difficult in reading performance engine oil that pelumasannya power was no longer effective. Everything can be felt, heard, or viewed directly, especially if you're behind the wheel of a car that is being used. The cars did provide cutting-edge oil pressure indicator inside the cab, but it is not absolutely demonstrate the effectiveness of lubricants.

Crake

Engine oil is known to have a function to reduce friction or wear and tear of a number of components in the machine that works and move when the engine life. Antarkomponen metal friction in machinery such as valves / valve engine, gear in the machine, will be louder if the lubricant is no longer effective in its function in reducing friction or wear and tear.

"If it sounds louder engine components or crisp compared to the previous, lubricants may no longer function effectively. Moreover, if the sound had come from the car with the engine still uses multikatup system," said Mico F Kaliki, Marketing Manager of PT Bahana Nusa Lubrindo Italian Agip oil peddling.

Surely, said Mico, crisp or loud noise is not due to oil or grease does not get to the valve / valve engines due to a malfunctioning oil pump well. Lubricants fixed to the valve chamber, but the level is already low viscosity causes the scraping sound of metal components in the machine becomes clearer, louder.

One thing that also must be certain and true that the volume of lubricant in the engine is in compliance. Also lubricant that is inserted into the engine cavity is in conformity with the type of machine such as gasoline or diesel engines, and engine life. Lubricating characteristics, namely the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) which determines the level of viscosity (viscosity) lubricants and API (American Petroleum Institute) is an indication of quality lubricants, also is right.

Lubricants for diesel engines in terms of quality instruction (API) always preceded the letter C (commercial) such as CD or CF. Petrol engines starting with the letters S (service station) such as SG or SJ. In terms of viscosity, old machines clearly need to require a lubricant with high viscosity as SAE 20 W-50, whereas the new machine with thin viscosity such as SAE 5W-50 or 10W-40. W stands for winter (winter) in which the viscosity reaches 20 (20 W) and when the heat reached 50.

If all of the technical provisions are violated, it could be a car engine sounds more nets. For example, the new engine lubricant for use on old machines, obviously not a lot of work in reducing the level of friction or collision of metal components in the machine. This mistake can be detected in the morning when the engine is turned on, you hear a loud engine valves due to a lack of fully functional lubricant in reducing friction.

If the function of reducing friction is reduced, the car owner or driver can see it from the engine temperature is higher than usual. Surely this is only accurate if the engine cooling system (water-filled radiator, cooling fan smoothly, and pump water okay) was normal. If so, most likely in a vehicle engine lubricants are not effective.

Antarkomponen-friction engine components which will obviously make a bigger and bigger engine temperature rises quickly. In fact, a lubricant to minimize friction was tasked with infiltrating the gaps between the moving engine components. The presence of lubricant in there also cools the components earlier.

"So, if the engine temperature indicator panel is higher than normal, while the cooling water okay, okay radiator cooling fans and other cooling system is okay, then it could be that the performance of lubricants in the engine cavity is no longer effective," said Mico. If you have this, you should grease be replaced even if the number of mileage yet half of the next request to replace the lubricant.

Acceleration is reduced

Ineffectiveness of lubricants can also be felt the pull of the machine that feels diminished. Acceleration of the car when the green light, or when driving on the freeway, feels less solid. "Pengemudilah most feel the performance is declining due to engine lubricating function that has been greatly reduced," said Mico.

Antarkomponen metal friction in the engine obviously getting choked up when the lubricant is not enough to infiltrate among the components that rub against each other. In accumulation, the friction that stuttering is impacting on the power or acceleration produced automobile engines. Car porch when driven hard. Furthermore, not only short-lived engine, but fuel consumption is also wasteful.

In this case, no wonder that there is a kind of unwritten agreement that the new car should not be driven fast. Also that engine is not being forced to pull a heavy payload. All this because the machine on new cars tend to have high levels of metal antarkomponen very high friction.

This agreement can later be erased or fading due to start popping up various brands of lubricants with a watery viscosity level specifically created for a new car engine.

Dilute lubricants (rank / grade SL or SJ for gasoline engines and CJ-4, CH-4, CG-4, or CF-4 for diesel engines) are able to infiltrate freely into the crevices of the new machines are practically still very narrow .

Given the importance of lubrication in the engine, while the level of activity that does not allow time and space for open space car engine, actually detect the effectiveness of the lubricant with the feeling, listening, and saw from behind the steering was accurate enough to get to the garage to replace existing lubricants.

Car engines fall clearly requires a much larger fund than buying 5 quarts or 4 liters of engine lubricating.

Conventional Cars

Automobile history begins after the development of important scientific discoveries in the fields of electricity, mechanics, thermodynamics, and materials. Somehow, it could be considered as automobile antecedents: the discovery of static electricity by Thales of Miletus in 600 B.C., the inventions of Otto Von Guerick (1672), Andreas Gordon (1742), Franklin Youngest child (1747), and Nicholas Cugnot, who constructed in France the first automobile made of wood. However, the first important

landmark in the history of the automobile can be placed in 1908 with the starting of the manufacture line of the Ford Model T. That was the moment when the foundations of the later-named Second Industrial Revolution appeared, which allowed several million people to access a low-cost way of transport. In fact, since then transportation has constituted one of the strategic axes of the industrial development. Proof of the  utomobile’s impact in society is that, at the moment, many of the main world industrial companies center their activity in automobile manufacturing.

EVOLUTION OF THE DISTRIBUTION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The automobile’s electrical consumption has grown year by year. From the beginning until

the end of the 1950s the growth was smooth. Later on, coinciding with the establishment

of the 12 V battery as a supply standard in order to satisfy the increasing exigencies of

comfort and security, growth was bigger.

© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

An aspect to consider in the historical evolution of the automobile is the minimal

penetration of power electronics in the automobile field until a few years ago. However,

in the immediate future a massive presence of power electronics in the automobile is

expected, mainly due to the new architectures of the automobile supply systems.

Nowadays the technical committees of the main societies that group the different

industries of the automobile sector have already defined the outline of the services and

systems that will gradually be included in automobiles during the next 15 years.

One of the axes of change is to increase electrical consumption to be able to elevate

the level of comfort and security. Another vector of improvement is the diminution of fuel

consumption per kilometer.

It is clear that, to be able to integrate both aspects, it must use an electrical supply

system that fulfills these three general requirements:

1. It makes an optimal transformation of the mechanical energy into electrical

energy.

2. It distributes the electrical energy with minimum losses.

3. It supplies the required services (loads) with maximum efficiency.

These facts start to force several future situations:

• Only the alternator will have a mechanical connection with the internal combustion

engine. All the other motors, from the conditioned air compressor to

the refrigeration water pump, will be electrically driven.

• High-efficiency lamps like the HID ones will increasingly substitute the conventional

high-beam lights. Moreover, neon lamps or LEDs will be used for

signaling and fluorescent lights for interior illumination.

• Wherever it becomes possible, the use of AC motors, with or without regulation,

will be attempted.

Edited by

Ali Emadi

Illinois Institute of Technology

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

Roberto Giral-Castillón, Luis Martínez-Salamero, and Javier Maixé-Altés

Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC